Highlights
- •A total of 18 RCTs of EFT were identified.
- •A subsequent meta-analysis indicated a moderate effect size compared to minimal interventions.
- •Most studies were found to have several methodological shortcomings.
- •Given the short comings, lack of comparison of EFT to established treatments, the evidence for EFT is yet to be established.
Abstract
Background and objectives
Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is a type of therapy involving the stimulation of acupuncture points while using a spoken affirmation to target a psychological issue. While some studies cite data indicating EFT is highly efficacious, findings in other studies are unconvincing. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of EFT, particular acupoint stimulation, in the treatment of psychological distress.
Method
A systematic review of the literature identified 18 randomised control trials published in peer reviewed journals involving a total of 921 participants.
Results
A moderate effect size (Hedge’s g = −0.66: 95% CI: −0.99 to −0.33) and significantly high heterogeneity (I2 = 80.78) across studies was found using a random effects model indicating that EFT, even after removing outliers (decreases in I2 = 72.32 and Hedge’s g = −0.51:95% CI:−0.78 to −0.23), appears to produce an effect. The analysis involved 12 studies comparing EFT with waitlist controls, 5 with adjuncts and only 1 comparison with an alternate treatment. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the effect of moderators on effect size of symptom change following EFT.
Conclusions
Due to methodological shortcomings, it was not possible to determine if the effect is due to acupoint stimulation or simply due to treatment elements common with other therapies.
Keywords
- Acupoint stimulation;
- Emotional freedom techniques;
- Gold standard scale;
- Meta-analysis
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.